第47章 老子简介(2 / 2)

通过对于《云笈七签》引文的论述,可以看到老君是超越有形与无形的神明,是作为万物的根本的大道的自身体现。在此意义上,唯有老君及其显化才是神明。

但大道与老君本身却是化育万物的存在,而不是孤零零与万物隔绝,因此老君又有无数的显化。如《云笈七签》引《太上老君开天经》所称,“伏羲之时,老君下为师,号曰无化子,一名郁华子,教示伏羲,推旧法,演阴阳,正八方,定八卦,作《元阳经》,以教伏羲……神农之时,老君下为师,号曰大成子,作《太微经》……燧人时,老君下为师……黄帝时,老君下为师……”。老君化身众多,教化世人,则世人与大道之教便无隔阂——这也是大道化育众生所本然具有的亲近。同样,老子也只是老君随感应化的化身之一,只能说老君是老子,而不能说老子就是老君。

“三清”中的道德天尊

道教三清大殿中,通常供奉的三位尊神是道教的最高神“三清”。三清即玉清元始天尊、上清灵宝天尊、太清道德天尊。据《集说诠真》引《读书纪数略》云:“三清者玉清圣境,元始居之;上清圣境,道君居之;太清仙境,老君居之。”

道德天尊,全称“太清道德天尊”,也称“太上老君”,是道教“三清”尊神之一,在“三清”之中位为最后,相传居住大罗天上太清仙境。

道教宫观中的三清殿,都有道德天尊之神像或神位。其神像常作一白须白发老翁,手执羽扇,居元始天尊之右侧位。在道教大型斋醮礼仪中,也均设有道德天尊的神位,亦居元始天尊之右侧位。道德天尊之神诞日为农历二月十五日,是日大多举行祝诞聚会或祈福延寿道场。

太上老君的神仙形象及历史演变

东汉时期道教已有太上老君的说法,东晋葛洪详细描述了太上老君的形象并丰富了老子的神仙传说,唐宋之际出现了“一气化三清”的说法,元代出现了“老子八十一化”的说法,都是对老子神仙之说的继续。

东晋时候的“老君”有了具体的神仙形象。《抱朴子内篇·杂应》记载:“老君真形者,思之,姓李名聃,字伯阳,身长九尺,黄色,鸟喙,隆鼻,秀眉长五寸,耳长七寸,额有三理上下彻,足有八卦,以神龟为床,金楼玉堂,白银为阶,五色云为衣,重叠之冠,锋鋋之剑,从黄童百二十人,左有十二青龙,右有二十六白虎,前有二十四朱雀,后有七十二玄武,前道十二穷奇,后从三十六辟邪,雷电在上,晃晃昱昱,此事出于仙经中也。”

被确定神仙形象的太上老君在历史中还兼有多种身份。据《神仙传》记载:上三皇时为元中法师,下三皇时为金阙帝君,伏羲时为玉华子,神农时为九灵老子,祝融时为广寿子,黄帝时为广成子,颛顼时为赤精子,帝喾时为禄图子,尧时为务成子,舜时为尹寿子,夏禹时为真行子,殷汤时为锡则子,文王时为文邑先生,一云为守藏史。或云在越为范蠡,在齐为鸱夷子,在吴为陶朱公。

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