1.197 运筹决算(1 / 2)

刘备的日常 熏香如风 1028 字 2022-04-20

蓟国诸水,唯巨马水,四季不冻,奔流向东。余下诸水,皆冬冰春融。大辽水,亦不例外。此时早已冰冻尺余。靠近塞北草原,外长城内大辽泽。早已冰冻三尺。

万幸。趁辽水冰封前,各署寺连动,施以举国之力。日有千船往来,转运诸材。列队既定河道,大石笼先沉。辽泽漫溢三百里。水流和缓,笼中巨石,入水即沉,深陷淤泥。随石笼不断积沉,两岸河堤,迅速堆高。待出水面则换用鹅卵石笼,密集堆垒。三百里水泽,遂被锁于百丈宽之河道内。水流越发湍急,水面不断提升。先前积底之淤泥,遂被激流冲刷,露出原始河床。

泥沙冲刷而下,随激流填入巨石河堤缝隙。久而久之,遂成铁板一块。蓟人治水,如同圩田。先截脉,锁主水。再开鱼梁闸,放流枝津。如此层级而下。譬如脉络,筑内中外,三道纵横沟渠。便是所谓“支渠四通”。

“工欲善其事,必先利其器”。

转运石笼,机关船吊,居功至伟。砾石又是蓟国特产。多年来,为造玄楼白院,巨马水两岸,积石如山。皆是淘取白石后,所剩。日积月累,蔚为壮观。只因自蓟国四百城港筑毕,国中再无大建。日常所需,不过杯水车薪。

东境开发,尤其治水。于石商而言,可谓久旱逢甘霖。将多年积石,消耗大半。

江海陂湖,山林园池,皆归王所有。由少府掌管。采石需缴假税。同样,东境大建,亦是国库出资,足量贩购。

蓟国轻徭薄赋,假税与三十税一相差无几(5%)。

《九章算术·均输》题二四:“今有假田,初假之岁三亩一钱,明年四亩一钱,后年五亩一钱,凡三岁,得(钱)一百,问田几何?”

荅曰:一顷二十七亩,四十七分亩之三十一。

以上种种,皆可例证。即便复杂计算,时人亦不逞多让。后世,普通人之数学储备,于时人相比,并无优势可言。

时下工匠常用“算筹”来计算,复杂算式。称“筹算”,亦称“筹策”。《汉书·货殖传》:“即铁山鼓铸,运筹算。”乃是以刻有数字的算筹,记数、运算之法。约始于春秋,直至明时,才被珠算彻底取代。

所谓算筹,乃是一根根同样长短粗细之短棍,长不过六寸,粗不过数黍(一黍为分),多用竹木、兽骨、象牙、金玉等制成。约二百七十几枚为一束,随囊袋系于腰间。

算筹记数法:个位用纵式,十位用横式,百位再用纵式,千位再用横式,万位再用纵式,以此类推,遇零则置空。如此,从右及左,纵横相间,可示任意自然数。

刘备亲眼得见,震撼无以复加。此乃“十进位制”。

其优越性,显而易见。横向对比,罗马数字系统没有位值制,只有七个基本符号,如记数稍大,便相当繁难。玛雅人虽懂位值制,但却是二十进位;古巴比伦人亦知位值制,却多至六十进位。一般而言,二十进位,至少需十九个数码,六十进位,则足需五十九数。

如此记数,运算十分繁杂。远不如,只用九数便可示任意自然数之十进位制,来得简捷方便。华夏古代数学,之所以成就卓越,远超时代,理应归功于十进位制之筹算法。

遍翻《九章算术》。诸多例题,多出自买卖交易。换言之,商家必精通筹算。于是乎,华夏先进算法,经丝路传至后世西亚地区。经由十进位制,演化出阿拉伯数字。进而催生出现代数学。

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