第一百二十三章 学术讨论(1 / 2)

漫威天使 刻叶紫堇 0 字 2021-03-17

萨默斯话音刚落,洛娜就兴奋地抢着回答说:</p>

“我知道、我知道!这个叫作——隧穿效应!”</p>

她得意地看向安吉拉,一副“快来问我啊!”的期待表情。</p>

“你真棒,丹恩小博士!”安吉拉的逗弄之心被洛娜明闪闪的大眼睛照亮,笑着问道,“快跟我解释解释,为什么a粒子可以挣脱强力的约束、穿过势垒,从而突破原子核的限制发生a衰变?”</p>

“什么嘛,原来你知道啊……”洛娜虽然噘着不满的小嘴,但长住在她眼底的那一丝对安吉拉的崇拜之情依然没有消失。她想了想老师在课上讲的内容,回答道:</p>

“由于微观粒子的波动性,它们有概率出现在空间内的每一个点,当然也包括‘墙壁’之外的地方。所以,即使一个a粒子没有达到跨跃势垒所需要能量,它也有非常小的概率穿过那道将它束缚在原子核内的能量屏障,就好像高墙之下还存在某种隧道一样。这就是量子隧穿效应,即微观世界中的‘穿墙术’。”</p>

“那么——”安吉拉又向洛娜问道,“这种概率是多少呢?”</p>

“是——是……”</p>

“是波函数的平方!”</p>

“对!平方!天啊……齐格勒大博士,你真的只是学医的吗?”</p>

“嘻!医生可是什么都要涉猎!我在医学影像学和生物物理学的课上学过量子力学的相关知识。当然,我仅算是略懂一二,关于这个概率如何用薛定谔方程来计算我可是一窍不通。但是我知道,”安吉拉转过头来,望着对面的普莱德和萨默斯说,“在宏观世界里,穿墙而过的概率是无限趋近于零的,说是根本不可能发生也不为过……不借助异能的话。”</p>

“没错,”萨默斯点点头,说道,“即使在很多很多年后,人类也没有弄懂为什么波涵数会坍缩——由不确定转为确定——明明单独的一个粒子是充满不确定性的,它可以发生各种有意思的事情;但当大量粒子聚集、构成物质时,它们却又变得那么‘确定’,可以轻易地被计算、被预测——如我们所见所听、所知所感。”</p>

“我记得……”洛娜见身边的安吉拉和罗曼诺夫都听得津津有味,也来了兴致,补充道,“关于这方面,有很多不同的假说。</p>

“单从数学角度看的话,经典物理是量子物理的统计平均,它自然而然就是稳定且确定的。至于物理角度——</p>

“有人说,微观粒子聚集后,引力的作用开始显现,而引力有某种抑制量子化的效能。</p>

“也有人说,在一个大量聚集的粒子体系里,某个粒子自发的坍缩,会连带整个体系发生退相干、脱离叠加态,从而变成一个确定的宏观物体。</p>

“最富浪漫色彩的假说就是——从来没有坍缩,也从来没有退相干,宏观世界也和微观粒子一样,存在于波涵数之中。只不过宏观的波动性不以微观的叠加态等方式体现,而是以‘多世界’的方式呈现。一个世界里,一个a粒子冲出了原子核;而另一个世界里,它还在被强力牢牢地吸引着。我们所感知、所观察到的,只是无数多重宇宙中的一部分。”</p>

洛娜一条条的叙述点亮了所有人眼中的赞赏。萨默斯拍了下普莱德的肩膀,假装嫌弃地说道:</p>

“看看人家姑娘!小猫,你明明得天独厚,比任何人都能更好地观察与理解量子世界,为什么就是不好好学?他们给你起外号叫幻影猫就是因为你真的很像薛定谔的猫……”</p>

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