选择二.2第三十四章-小护士讲防疫8(0.1)(2 / 2)

2.食物在各种条件下被病原体污染

食物在生产、加工、运输、贮存与销售的各个环节均可被污染。水果、蔬菜等只是机械地携带病原体,其数量不再增多。在另一些食品,如牛奶、肉馅等在适宜的温度下病原体可大量繁殖,人们食用后可感染而发病。

经食物传播传染病病的流行特征:1病人有食用某种污染食品史,不进食者不发病;2患者潜伏期短,一次大量污染可致暴发流行;3多发生于夏秋季,一般不形成慢性流行。4停止供应污染食品爆发或流行即可平息。

经接触传播

接触传播通常分为直接接触传播和间接接触两种。

1直接接触传播在没有任何外界因素参与下,传染源与易感者直接接触而引起疾病的传播,例如性病、狂犬病等。

2间接接触传播

易感者因接触被传染源排泄物或分泌物所污染的日常生活用品如毛巾、餐具、门把手、电话柄等所造成的传播,故将此种传播方式又称为日常生活接触传播。多种肠道传染病、某些呼吸道传染病、人畜共患病、皮肤传染病等均可经此途径传播。被污染的手在间接传播中起特别重要的作用。

间接传播的流行病学意义,与病原体在外环境中的抵抗力、日常消毒制度是否完善、人们的卫生知识水平及卫生习惯等有关。

经接触传播传染病的流行特征:1一般很少造成流行,病例多呈散发,但可形成家庭或同室内成员间的传播;2流行过程缓慢,无明显的季节性。3在卫生条件差、卫生习惯不良的情况下病例较多。4加强对传染源的管理及严格消毒制度后,可减少病例发生。[1]

经节肢动物传播

经节肢动物传播亦称虫媒传播,是以节肢动物作为传播媒介而造成的感染,包括机械携带和生物性传播两种方式。作为传染病传播媒介的节肢动物甚多,有昆虫纲的蚊、蝇、蚤、虱等。蜘蛛纲的蜱和螨。

1.机械性携带:节肢动物接触或吞食病原体后,病原体在它的体表或体内均不繁殖,一般能存活2~5天。当它们再次觅食时,通过接触、反吐或随同它们的粪便将病原体排出体外而污染食品等,当人们食用这类食品后被感染。例如苍蝇能通过这种方式传播伤寒、细菌性痢疾等肠道传染病。

2.生物性传播:吸血节肢动物呆咬处于菌血症、立克次体血症或病毒血症时的宿主,使病原体随着宿主的血液进入节肢动物的肠腔,使肠细胞或其他器官造成感染,病原体在节肢动物体内进行繁殖,然后再通过节肢动物的唾液、呕吐物或粪便进入易感机体。病原体在吸血节肢动物体内增殖或完成生活周期中某些阶段后始具有传染性,其所需要时间称外潜伏期。外潜伏期长短常受气温等自然因素的影响。

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请翻阅下一章----选择二.2卷----选择二.2第三十五章-小护士讲防疫9

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