第140章 选择一.2-医院(0.2)(1 / 2)

2经飞沫核传播飞沫核是飞沫在空气中失去水分后由剩下的蛋白质和病原体所组成。飞沫核可以气溶胶的形式漂流到远处,在空气中存留的时间较长,一些耐干燥的病原体如白喉杆菌、结核杆菌等可以此方式传播。

3.经尘埃传播含有病原体的较大的飞沫或分泌物落地面,干燥后形成尘埃,易感者吸入后即可感染。凡对外界抵抗力强的病原体,如结核杆菌和炭疽杆菌芽胞,均可以此种方式传播。

空气传播的发生取决于多种条件,其中人口密度、卫生条件、易感者在人群中的比例起决定性作用。

经空气传播传染病的流行特征:1传播广泛,发病率高;2冬春季节高发;3少年儿童多见;4在未经免疫预防的人群中,发病呈周期性;5居住拥挤和人口密度大的地区高发。

经水传播

经水传播包括经饮用水传播和接触疫水传播两种方式,一般肠道传染病经此途径传播。水源被污染的情况可由自来水管网破损、污水渗入所致,也可因粪便、污物污染水源所致。

许多肠道传染病,若干人畜共患疾病以及某些寄生虫病均可经水传播。

因饮水被污染而引起疾病的水型流行早年十分猖獗,随着城市公共供水系统建立及水质的卫生管理,因饮水被污染而引起爆发在城市已很少见,但在广大农村仍是一个重要问题。

经饮水传播疾病历史上已有多次记载,如1854年英国伦敦发生霍乱流行。流行强度取决于污染水源类型、供水范围、水受污染的强度和频度、病原体在水中的抵抗力、饮水卫生管理等。

经饮水传播传染病的流行特征:1病例分布与供水范围一致,有饮用同一水源史;

2除哺乳婴儿外,无职业、年龄、性别的差异;3停用被污染的水或水经净化后,暴发或流行即可平息;4如水源经常受污染,则病例不断。

经疫水传播

当人们接触疫水时可经皮肤或粘膜感染血吸虫病、钩端螺旋体病等。其危险性取决于人体接触疫水的面积大小、次数及接触时间的长短。

经接触疫水传播传染病的流物特征:1病人有接触疫水史;2发病有地区、季节、职业分布特点;3大量易感人群进入疫区,可引起暴发或流行;4加强个人防护、对疫水采取措施等可控制疾病发生。

经食物传播

经食物传播主要为肠道传染病、某些寄生虫病、少数呼吸系统疾病的传播的方式。当食物本身含有病原体或受病原体污染时,可引起传染病的传播。

经食物传播可分两类:

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