第9章 杨朱篇(2 / 2)

列子 列御寇 2552 字 2022-08-27

卫端木叔者,子贡之世也。藉其先赀,家累万金。不治世故,放意所好。其生民之所欲为,人意之所欲玩者,无不为也,无不玩也。墙屋台榭,园囿池沼,饮食车服,声乐嫔御,拟齐楚之君焉。至其情所欲好,耳所欲听,目所欲视,口所欲尝,虽殊方偏国,非齐土之所产育者,无不必致之;犹藩墙之物也。及其游也,虽山川阻险,涂径修远,无不必之,犹人之行咫步也。宾客在庭者日百住,庖厨之下,不绝烟火,堂庑之上,不绝声乐。奉养之余,先散之宗族;宗族之余,次散之邑里;邑里之余,乃散之一国。行年六十,气干将衰,弃其家事,都散其库藏、珍宝、车服、妾媵。一年之中尽焉,不为子孙留财。及其病也,无药石之储;及其死也,无瘗埋之资。一国之人受其施者,相与赋而藏之,反其子孙之财焉。禽骨厘闻之,曰:「端木叔,狂人也,辱其祖矣。」段干生闻之,曰:「端木叔,达人也,德过其祖矣。其所行也,其所为也,众意所惊,而诚理所取。卫之君子多以礼教自持,固未足以得此人之心也。」

孟孙阳问杨朱曰:「有人于此,贵生爱身,以蕲不死,可乎?」曰:「理无不死。」「以蕲久生,可乎?」曰:「理无久生。生非贵之所能存,身非爱之所能厚。且久生奚为?五情好恶,古犹今也;四体安危,古犹今也;世事苦乐,古犹今也;变易治乱,古犹今也。既闻之矣,既见之矣,既更之矣,百年犹厌其多,况久生之苦也乎?」孟孙阳曰:「若然,速亡愈于久生;则践锋刃,入汤火,得所志矣。」杨子曰:「不然,既生,则废而任之,究其所欲,以俟于死。将死,则废而任之,究其所之,以放于尽。无不废,无不任,何遽迟速于其闲乎?」

杨朱曰:「伯成子高不以一毫利物,舍国而隐耕。大禹不以一身自利,一体偏枯。古之人损一毫利天下不与也,悉天下奉一身不取也。人人不损一毫,人人不利天下,天下治矣。」禽子问杨朱曰:「去子体之一毛以济一世,汝为之乎?」杨子曰:「世固非一毛之所济。」禽子曰:「假济,为之乎?」杨子弗应。禽子出语孟孙阳。孟孙阳曰:「子不达夫子之心,吾请言之。有侵若肌肤获万金者,若为之乎?」曰:「为之。」孟孙阳曰:「有断若一节得一国,子为之乎?」禽子默然有闲。孟孙阳曰:「一毛微于肌肤,肌肤微于一节,省矣。然则积一毛以成肌肤,积肌肤以成一节。一毛固一体万分中之一物,奈何轻之乎?」禽子曰:「吾不能所以答子。然则以子之言问老聃关尹,则子言当矣;以吾言问大禹墨翟,则吾言当矣。」孟孙阳因顾与其徒说他事。

杨朱曰:「天下之美归之舜、禹、周、孔,天下之恶归之桀纣。然而舜耕于河阳,陶于雷泽,四体不得暂安,口腹不得美厚;父母之所不爱,弟妹之所不亲。行年三十,不告而娶。及受尧之襌,年已长,智已衰。商钧不才,禅位于禹,戚戚然以至于死。此天人之穷毒者也。鲧治水土,绩用不就,殛诸羽山。禹纂业事雠,惟荒土功,子产不字,过门不入;身体偏枯,手足胼胝。及受舜禅,卑宫室,美绂冕,戚戚然以至于死:此天人之忧苦者也。武王既终,成王幼弱,周公摄天子之政。邵公不悦,四国流言。居东三年,诛兄放弟,仅免其身,戚戚然以至于死:此天人之危惧者也。孔子明帝王之道,应时君之聘,伐树于宋,削迹于卫,穷于商周,围于陈蔡,受屈于季氏,见辱于阳虎,戚戚然以至于死:此天民之遑遽者也。凡彼四圣者,生无一日之欢,死有万世之名。名者,固非实之所取也。虽称之弗知,虽赏之不知,与株块无以异矣。桀藉累世之资,居南面之尊,智足以距群下,威足以震海内;恣耳目之所娱,穷意虑之所为,熙熙然以至于死:此天民之逸荡者也。纣亦藉累世之资,居南面之尊;威无不行,志无不从;肆情于倾宫,纵欲于长夜;不以礼义自苦,熙熙然以至于诛:此天民之放纵者也。彼二凶也,生有从欲之欢,死被愚暴之名。实者,固非名之所与也,虽毁之不知,虽称之弗知,此与株块奚以异矣。彼四圣虽美之所归,苦以至终,同归于死矣。彼二凶虽恶之所归,乐以至终,亦同归于死矣。」

杨朱见梁王,言治天下如运诸掌。梁王曰:「先生有一妻一妾而不能治,三亩之园而不能芸;而言治天下如运诸掌,何也?」对曰:「君见其牧羊者乎?百羊而群,使五尺童子荷棰而随之,欲东而东,欲西而西。使尧牵一羊,舜荷棰而随之,则不能前矣。且臣闻之:吞舟之鱼,不游枝流;鸿鹄高飞,不集污池。何则?其极远也。黄钟大吕不可从烦奏之舞。何则?其音疏也。将治大者不治细,成大功者不成小,此之谓矣。」

杨朱曰:「太古之事灭矣,孰志之哉?三皇之事若存若亡,五帝之事若觉若梦,三王之事或隐或显,亿不识一。当身之事或闻或见,万不识一。目前之事或存或废,千不识一。太古至于今日,年数固不可胜纪。但伏羲已来三十余万岁,贤愚、好丑,成败、是非,无不消灭;但迟速之间耳。矜一时之毁誉,以焦苦其神形,要死后数百年中余名,岂足润枯骨?何生之乐哉?」

杨朱曰:「人肖天地之类,怀五常之性,有生之最灵者也。人者,爪牙不足以供守卫,肌肤不足以自捍御,趋走不足以从利逃害,无毛羽以御寒暑,必将资物以为养,任智而不恃力。故智之所贵,存我为贵;力之所贱,侵物为贱。然身非我有也,既生,不得不全之;物非我有也,既有,不得而去之。身固生之主,物亦养之主。虽全生,不可有其身;虽不去物,不可有其物。有其物,有其身,是横私天下之身,横私天下之物。不横私天下之身,不横私天下物者,其唯圣人乎!公天下之身,公天下之物,其唯至人矣!此之谓至至者也。」

杨朱曰:「生民之不得休息,为四事故:一为寿,二为名,三为位,四为货。有此四者,畏鬼,畏人,畏威,畏刑:此谓之逆民也。可杀可活,制命在外。不逆命,何羡寿?不矜贵,何羡名?不要势,何羡位?不贪富,何羡货?此之谓顺民也。天下无对,制命在内。故语有之曰:人不婚宦,情欲失半;人不衣食,君臣道息。周谚曰:田父可坐杀,晨出夜入,自以性之恒;啜菽茹藿,自以味之极;肌肉麤厚,筋节腃急,一朝处以柔毛绨幕,荐以梁肉兰橘,心厌体烦,内热生病矣。商鲁之君与田父侔地,则亦不盈一时而惫矣。故野人之所安,野人之所美,谓天下无过者。昔者宋国有田夫,常衣缊黂,仅以过冬。暨春东作,自曝于日,不知天下之有广厦隩室,绵纩狐貉。顾谓其妻曰:『负日之暄,人莫知者;以献吾君,将有重赏。』里之富室告之曰:『昔人有美戎菽,甘枲茎芹萍子者,对乡豪称之。乡豪取而尝之,蜇于口,惨于腹,众哂而怨之,其人大惭。子,此类也。』

杨朱曰:「丰屋美服,厚味姣色。有此四者,何求于外?有此而求外者,无厌之性。无厌之性,阴阳之蠹也。忠不足以安君,适足以危身;义不足以利物,适足以害生。安上不由于忠,而忠名灭焉;利物不由于义,而义名绝焉。君臣皆安,物我兼利,古之道也。鬻子曰:『去名者无忧:』老子曰:『名者实之宾。』而悠悠者趋名不已。名固不可去,名固不可宾邪?今有名则尊荣,亡名则卑辱。尊荣则逸乐,卑辱则忧苦。忧苦,犯性者也;逸乐,顺性者也。斯实之所系矣。名胡可去?名胡可宾?但恶夫守名而累实。守名而累实,将恤危亡之不救,岂徒逸乐忧苦之间哉?」

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